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Sources and further reading supporting the country profiles on the Country Facts page, organized by country and category.

Algeria

Country profiles and data

• UNHCR Algeria Help
• UNHCR Refugee Data Finder
• UNRWA: Algeria

Reports and policy documents

• UNHCR. Aide-mémoire: Protection of refugees in Algeria.
• World Food Programme. Algeria interim country strategic plan (2019–2025).
• Global Compact on Refugees: Algeria.
• BADIL Resource Center. Palestinian refugees and the right of return: An international law analysis.

Academic literature

• Bocco, R. (2009). UNRWA and the Palestinian refugees: A history within history. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 28(2–3), 229–252.
• Gottlieb, G. (1975). Palestine: An Algerian solution. Foreign Policy, 21, 198–211.
• Harrison, O. C. (2022). Decolonizing history: Algeria, Palestine, and the movement for migrant rights in postcolonial France. Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, 42(2), 454–469.
• Khalil, A. (2009). Palestinian refugees in Arab states: A rights-based approach.
• Rahal, M., & White, B. T. (2022). UNHCR and the Algerian War of Independence: Postcolonial sovereignty and the globalization of the international refugee regime, 1954–63. Journal of Global History, 17(2), 331–352.
• Randa, F. (2013). Palestinian refugees, the nation, and the shifting political landscape. Social Alternatives, 32(3), 41–47.

Germany

Country profiles and official data

• UNHCR Germany
• Federal Statistical Office: Population
• Federal Statistical Office: Labour market and unemployment
• Federal Agency for Civic Education: Population with a migration background
• Facts about Germany: Freedom of religion

Reports and further reading

• UNHCR. (2024). Global trends: Forced displacement in 2023.
• Statista. (2025). Most pressing issues in Germany.
• CEIC. Germany gross national product.

Academic literature (as cited in the source document)

• Döring, T. (2022). Refugee integration in Germany: Barriers and opportunities. Journal of Migration Studies.
• El-Kayed, N. (2021). Statelessness and Palestinian refugees in Germany. Migration Policy Institute.
• Scholten, P., & Bents, D. (2023). The EU and refugees: The case of Germany. In European Refugee Policy Studies.

Iraq

Country profiles

• UNHCR Iraq
• UNRWA: Iraq

Reports and further reading

• European Union Agency for Asylum. Palestinians in Iraq.
• Campbell, E. H. (2008). Palestinian refugees from Iraq in critical need of protection. Middle East Institute.
• Palestinian Return Centre. (2018). Protection gaps and border camps: The forgotten Palestinians in Iraq.

Jordan

Country profiles

• UNHCR Jordan data portal
• UNRWA: Jordan
• Institute for Palestine Studies

Studies on return and compensation

• Alpher, J., Shikaki, K., Kelman, H. C., & Rouhana, N. N. (1999). Concept paper: The Palestinian refugee problem and the rights of return. Middle East Policy, 6(3), 167.
• Boling, G. J. (2001). Palestinian refugees and the right of return: An international law analysis. BADIL Information and Discussion Brief No. 8.
• Brynen, R., & El-Rifai, R. (Eds.). (2013). Compensation to Palestinian refugees and the search for Palestinian-Israeli peace. Pluto Press.
• Brynen, R. (2018). Compensation for Palestinian refugees: Law, politics and praxis. Israel Law Review, 51(1), 29–46.
• Khasawneh, B. H. (2007). An appraisal of the right of return and compensation of Jordanian nationals of Palestinian refugee origin [Doctoral dissertation, London School of Economics and Political Science].
• Lynk, M. (2003). The right to restitution and compensation in international law and the displaced Palestinians. Refuge, 21, 96–113.

Reports

• ReliefWeb. (2023). Jordan: Refugee response and resilience strategy 2024–2025.
• UNHCR. (2024). Annual results report: Jordan 2023.
• U.S. Department of State. (2023). Evaluation of PRM Syrian refugees livelihood programming.

Lebanon

Country profiles

• UNHCR Lebanon
• UNRWA: Lebanon

Policy and return or compensation

• Lebanese Palestinian Dialogue Committee. (2022). LPDC 2022–2024 national strategy to address the Palestinian file in Lebanon.
• UNESCWA. (2016). A unified Lebanese vision for the Palestinian refugees affairs in Lebanon.
• BADIL Resource Center. (2001). Palestinian refugees and the right of return: An international law analysis.
• Brynen, R. (1999). Financing Palestinian refugee compensation.
• Chatham House. (2013). The Palestinian refugee issue: Compensation and implementation of a comprehensive solution.
• Richter-Devroe, S. (2011). Political culture and the right of return: Palestinian refugee narratives in the West Bank, Jordan, and Lebanon. Journal of Refugee Studies, 24(2), 226–246.

Reports

• UNRWA USA. (2023). 2023 annual report.
• UNRWA. (2024). Situation report no. 1 on the Lebanon emergency response.
• UNRWA. (2024). Situation report no. 2 on the Lebanon emergency response.
• UNRWA. (2024). Situation report no. 4 on the Lebanon emergency response.

Academic literature

• Beckhardt, L. (2024). Public space, privatization, and power: Neoliberalism in Palestine and Lebanon. Hemispheres, 41, 100–117.
• Bibikova, O. (2024). The situation of Palestinian refugees living in Arab countries of the Middle East (Part 1). Russia and the Moslem World.
• Fincham, K. (2025). UNRWA and the politics of education for Palestine refugees in Lebanon. In A Modern Guide to Refugee Education (Chapter 3). Edward Elgar Publishing.
• Heinz, N. (2023). The impact of discriminatory legislation and policies in Israel on the realization of the right of return for Palestinian refugees.
• Knudsen, A. J. (2024). Crushing Hamas? Origins and expansion of the Islamic Resistance Movement in Lebanon. Anthropology of the Middle East, 19(2), 55–71.
• Marshi, A. (2025). Abu Arab and ongoing return: A tribute to Amin Mohammad Ali. Journal of Palestine Studies.
• Qasmiyeh, Y. M. (2025). Refugees as archiving subjects: Between the researched and the researcher. Journal of Humanitarian Affairs, 6(1), 63–78.
• Sahin-Mencütek, Z., & Yılmaz-Elmas, F. (2024). Refugee governance in the Middle East: Insights from Turkey, Lebanon and Jordan. In Handbook on Asylum and Refugee Law (Chapter 18).
• Sobout, A. (2024). Urbicide and coming to terms with the past: Everyday acts of return and reconstruction in post-war Nahr el Bared. International Journal of Transitional Justice.

Qatar

Country profiles

• UNHCR Qatar
• International Organization for Migration: Qatar

Studies on return

• Albadawi, S. (2021). Haq al awda: Palestinian refugees‘ views on the right of return [Master’s thesis].
• Richter-Devroe, S. (2015). ‚Like something sacred‘: Palestinian refugees‘ narratives on the right of return. Refugee Studies Centre Working Paper Series, 16.
• Sayej, L. (2019). Palestinian refugees and the right of return in international law. Oxford Human Rights Hub Blog.
• Samy, S. (2009). Reparations to Palestinian refugees: A comparative perspective. Routledge.

Reports and organizations

• Human Rights Watch. (2020). World report 2020: Qatar.
• Qatar Red Crescent Society: Humanitarian programs.
• Palestine News Agency (WAFA). Palestinian refugees in the Gulf: Challenges and support.

Further academic literature

• Birzeit University, Ibrahim Abu Lughod Institute of International Studies. (2012). Palestinian refugees: Different generations, but one identity.
• Dorai, M. K. (2008). Itineraries of Palestinian refugees. In S. Hanafi (Ed.), Crossing Borders, Shifting Boundaries: Palestinian Dilemmas (pp. 85–104). American University in Cairo Press.
• Khamis, V. (2017). A community-based qualitative study of intergenerational resilience with Palestinian refugee families facing structural violence and historical trauma. Transcultural Psychiatry, 54(3), 357–383.
• Mansour, R., & Almulla, D. (2025). The living reality of Palestinians in refugee camps in Lebanon. Migration Letters, 22(1), 60–75.
• Yassin, L. (2013). Forgotten in the diaspora: The Palestinian refugees in Egypt, 1948–2011 [Master’s thesis]. American University in Cairo.

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